Answer:

The whole expression will be false, because && combines two falses into false.

flour >= 4 && sugar >= 2
 ---------     --------
   false   &&    false
      ---------------
          false

Short-circuit Evaluation

In fact, as soon as the first false is detected, you know that the entire expression must be false, because false AND anything is false.

flour >= 4 && sugar >= 2
 ---------    ------------
   false   &&  does not matter
      ---------------
          false

As an optimization, Java only evaluates an expression as far as needed to determine the value of the entire expression. When the program runs, as soon as flour >= 4 is found to be false, the entire expression is known to be false, and the false branch of the if statement is taken. This type of optimization is called short-circuit evaluation. (See the chapter on this topic.)

Here is a full Java version of the cookie program. Compile and run the program with various values of flour and sugar to check that you understand how AND works.

// Cookie Ingredients Checker
//
import java.util.Scanner;
public class CookieChecker
{
  public static void main (String[] args) 
  { 
    // Declare a Scanner and two integer variables
    Scanner scan = new Scanner( System.in );
    int sugar, flour; 

    // get the number of cups of flour
    System.out.println("How much flour do you have?");
    flour = scan.nextInt(); 

    // get the number of cups of sugar
    System.out.println("How much sugar do you have?");
    sugar = scan.nextInt(); 

    // check that there are enough of both ingredients
    
    if ( flour >= 4 &&  sugar >= 2 )
      System.out.println("Enough for cookies!" );
    else
      System.out.println("sorry...." );
  }
}

Answer:

Short-circuit Evaluation

QUESTION 6: